We report here for the first time, MIC and MBC data for CMS determined by the microtiter Alamar Blue assay (MABA). Colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), a polymyxin, is well tolerated when inhaled directly into the lungs, resulting in high local concentrations. Polymyxins have previously been described to have activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), but further research was abandoned due to systemic toxicity concerns to achieve the required MIC. Test has potential to be used as screening test to estimate bio-load of MAP in milk samples at National level. Test was highly specific, simple to perform and easy to read by naked eyes and does not require laboratory support in the performance of test. Standardization, validation and re-usability of functionalized nano-particles and the test was successfully achieved in field samples. Simplicity and efficiency of this novel ‘nano-immuno test’ makes it suitable for wide-scale screening of milk samples in the field. Of 141 (54.6%) positive raw milk samples from goats, only 48 (34.0%) were detected positive for live MAP bacilli. Of 258 goats raw milk samples screened by six diagnostic tests, 141 (54.6%) were positive for MAP infection in one or more than one test. Of 81 (58.7%) positive bovine raw milk samples, only 24 (17.4%) samples were detected positive for the presence of viable MAP bacilli. Of 138 bovine raw milk samples screened by six diagnostic tests, 81 (58.7%) milk samples were positive for MAP infection in one or more than one diagnostic tests. Test was validated with field raw milk samples (goats-258 and bovine-138) collected from domestic livestock species to detect live/viable MAP bacilli. However, with respect to IS900 PCR, the sensitivity and specificity was 88.9% and 94.1%, respectively. In bovine milk samples, sensitivity and specificity of ‘nano-immuno test’ with respect to milk culture was 90.0% and 93.7%, respectively. Whereas, it was 90.0% (sensitivity) and 92.6% (specificity) with respect to IS900 PCR. After successful optimization, sensitivity and specificity of the ‘nano-immuno test’ in goats with respect to milk culture was 91.7% and 96.0%, respectively. Domestic livestock species in India are endemically infected with MAP. Test was optimized using true culture positive (10-bovine and 12-goats) and true culture negative (16-bovine and 25-goats) raw milk samples. Viable MAP bacilli were captured by MAP specific antibody-conjugated magnetic nano-particles using resazurin dye as chromogen. We report a simple, sensitive and specific nano-technology based ‘Nano-immuno test’ capable of detecting viable MAP bacilli in the milk samples within 10 h. Institutions may review their grant records and request updates.Early rapid detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) bacilli in milk samples is the major challenge since traditional culture method is time consuming and laboratory dependent. Upon completion of each fiscal year, research and development contract records are integrated with frozen grant records and posted in December. įor consistency in reporting on past fiscal years, this site uses frozen information for past fiscal years, and this may differ from current information displayed on RePORTER. For a list of those projects, please visit. These data do not include projects funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. As a result, every year there may have been a small number of organizations that received NIH funding but appear in this table as having '0' (zero) awards.

Prior to 2011, NIH reported the dollar amount of administrative supplements but, because they are supplements to existing projects, did not count these supplements as 'awards'. NIH's use of multiple principal investigator awards makes calculations of the total funding received by individual departments impractical and there are multiple ways in which the funding data can be aggregated across universities' schools and departments that can alter the ordering of institutions. Note: Although this list can be sorted by the amount of funding each organization receives, these data should not be interpreted as a ranking of institutions by NIH.

Brrian sheridan minitube